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Stephanie Kleine-Ahlbrandt | profile | all galleries >> Galleries >> The Kibeho Tragedy (Rwanda, April-May 1995) through the lens of Mark Cuthbert-Brown WARNING GRAPHIC CONTENT tree view | thumbnails | slideshow

The Kibeho Tragedy (Rwanda, April-May 1995) through the lens of Mark Cuthbert-Brown WARNING GRAPHIC CONTENT

How was it possible that two thousand persons, mostly women and children, could be massacred while living in an internationally designated camp for displaced persons in a small country with an overwhelming presence of international agencies? This happened in post-genocide Rwanda during the army’s operation to close Kibeho camp, despite a presence that included more than a dozen UN agencies, 120 non-governmental organizations and 5,500 UN peacekeepers. In her monograph, "The Protection Gap in the International Protection of Internally Displaced Persons: The Case of Rwanda," Stephanie Kleine-Ahlbrandt analyzes how the framework of cooperation between the international agencies and the Rwandan government failed. In so doing, she exposes broader challenges and flaws in international responses to complex emergencies, including lack of awareness of legal norms and weak UN inter-agency coordination. Her monograph builds upon the first edition by assessing the UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement as a tool for advocacy for the rights of the displaced through a case study of the 1997-1999 displacement crisis in Northwest Rwanda. She proposes measures for the improvement of the international system of protection of internally displaced persons. The book is available from the United Nations Bookstore in New York or from the Graduate Institute of International Studies of the University of Geneva (using the order form included on the last page of this album).

The photos in this album were taken in April and May 2005 by Mark Cuthbert-Brown, Provost Marshal of the UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR), with the assistance of John Cleland from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
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DPs exhumed by the RPA on the orders of President Bizimungu - photographed by John Cleland with the camera of Mark Cuthbert-Brown.
Exhumed DPs

DPs exhumed by the RPA on the orders of President Bizimungu - photographed by John Cleland with the camera of Mark Cuthbert-Brown.

DPs exhumed by the RPA on the orders of President Bizimungu - photographed by John Cleland with the camera of Mark Cuthbert-Brown.
Exhumed DPs

DPs exhumed by the RPA on the orders of President Bizimungu - photographed by John Cleland with the camera of Mark Cuthbert-Brown.

DPs exhumed by the RPA on the orders of President Bizimungu - photographed by John Cleland with the camera of Mark Cuthbert-Brown.
Exhumed DPs

DPs exhumed by the RPA on the orders of President Bizimungu - photographed by John Cleland with the camera of Mark Cuthbert-Brown.

DPs exhumed by the RPA on the orders of President Bizimungu - photographed by John Cleland with the camera of Mark Cuthbert-Brown.
Exhumed DPs

DPs exhumed by the RPA on the orders of President Bizimungu - photographed by John Cleland with the camera of Mark Cuthbert-Brown.

DPs exhumed by the RPA on the orders of President Bizimungu - photographed by John Cleland with the camera of Mark Cuthbert-Brown.
Exhumed DPs

DPs exhumed by the RPA on the orders of President Bizimungu - photographed by John Cleland with the camera of Mark Cuthbert-Brown.

Having visited the graves close to the Zambian platoon position and ordered their exhumation by RPA troops, the President complies  with Mark Cuthbert-Brown's request and leads a party looking for other smaller graves inside the rim of the valley.
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Having visited the graves close to the Zambian platoon position and ordered their exhumation by RPA troops, the President complies with Mark Cuthbert-Brown's request and leads a party looking for other smaller graves inside the rim of the valley.

View of the entrance to the hospital complex showing displaced persons who had refused to vacate and who remained surrounded by the Rwandan Patriotic Army.
50507516.MarksRwandaFile0222wtmk.jpg

View of the entrance to the hospital complex showing displaced persons who had refused to vacate and who remained surrounded by the Rwandan Patriotic Army.

View from the perimeter of the Zambian platoon position looking back to Rwamiko Road; Zambians are about to clear it of corpses to allow easier movement and vehicle access. Note: 1) DPs emerging from shadows into which they crept during the night; 2) Two small children sitting in the debris about 40 meters from the sandbags; 3) Discarded food bales and luggage confuse attempts at a bodycount.
50507519.MarksRwandaFile0224wtmk.jpg

View from the perimeter of the Zambian platoon position looking back to Rwamiko Road; Zambians are about to clear it of corpses to allow easier movement and vehicle access. Note: 1) DPs emerging from shadows into which they crept during the night; 2) Two small children sitting in the debris about 40 meters from the sandbags; 3) Discarded food bales and luggage confuse attempts at a bodycount.

View to the left of the gate onto the Rwamiko road.   Shot taken at around 6 a.m. on 23 April, after confiscation of film of RPA soldiers moving corposes.
50507517.MarksRwandaFile0223wtmk.jpg

View to the left of the gate onto the Rwamiko road. Shot taken at around 6 a.m. on 23 April, after confiscation of film of RPA soldiers moving corposes.

Australian and Zambian troops keep their heads down as shooting breaks out around the camp late in the afternoon of Saturday 22 April.
50507521.MarksRwandaFile0226wtmk.jpg

Australian and Zambian troops keep their heads down as shooting breaks out around the camp late in the afternoon of Saturday 22 April.

Casualties being evacuated.
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Casualties being evacuated.

A rescued child eats biscuits in the Zambian company base late in the afternoon of Saturday 22 April.  He was one of about 350 rescued and taken to orphanages on Sunday morning, 23 April,
50507520.MarksRwandaFile0225wtmk.jpg

A rescued child eats biscuits in the Zambian company base late in the afternoon of Saturday 22 April. He was one of about 350 rescued and taken to orphanages on Sunday morning, 23 April,

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