In the 18th and 19th centuries, pleasure gardens (commonly named "Tivoli" or "Vauxhall") appeared across Europe as a form of getaway from the increasingly expanding cities. The gardens were typically established as beautiful and lyrical parks complemented with promenade paths, outdoor pavilions, music and performance, public houses and amusements. Omnipresent and decorative illuminations, lit at dusk, provided a festive and magical atmosphere.In 1843, Copenhagen achieved its own pleasure garden when Georg Carstensen, a multi-talented and travelled man of enterprise, received Royal Assent to open his Tivoli Park immediately outside Copenhagen.Tivoli was an instant success and grew to become an "institution" – the park was among the first to make sophisticated culture available for public life, across existing societal layers, and attained a reputation as a respectable place to visit. This philosophy continues to this day.While the other European parks eventually closed down, Tivoli was modernized, amusements and restaurants were added and entertainment concepts evolved. While Tivoli's appearance and surroundings changed, its style and tradition remained unchanged.